Employer And Employee Relation - 768 Words

Assignment #1-Comprehensive Case-Bandag Automotive 1. Given Bandag Auto’s size, and anything else you know about it, explain why and how the human resource management function should be reorganized. Answer: Bandag automotive is a family oriented business that has great potential for maximum growth. The only issue is that the human resource management function there is not operated in a productive way. Bandag automotive should focus on a brand new strategy to develop a more structured and organized human resource unit. The management function should be able to recruit great employees, handle payroll, administer benefits, and also provide services, such as help resolve work related problems. A new human resource management function†¦show more content†¦Also, he later reported that he had mental issues, in which was never mention to management before he was terminated. Therefore, Henry does not have a legitimate claim against the company, because it is the law to notify your employer of any mental illness or disabilities. For future incidents the actions the company should take in this type of situation, is to move the employee to another department, and if the problem persis t give the employee a final and after that proceed to termination. If Jim would have used that alternative, the outcome of this situation would have probably turned out better. 4. Miriam, the controller, is basically claiming that the company is retaliating against her for being pregnant, and that the fact that the company raised performance issues was just a smokescreen. Explain whether or not the EEOC and/or courts would agree with her and the actions the company should take now. Answer: In the situation with Miriam, she was fired for a legitimate reason because of her misconduct at work. The EEOC would not agree with her considering those circumstances. Miriam is trying to use her pregnancy as an excuse, in which have nothing to do with her termination. In this situation the company should make sure the allegations against her are legit, and have proof present to the courts or EEOC. If the company cannot provide proof then this will be a case to be turned around in favor of Miriam. 5. An employee who is deaf has asked toShow MoreRelatedGood Employer : Employee Relations1171 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Good employer to employee relations is one of the key ingredient factors in determining success of a particular organization. Many organizations are encouraged through the Human Resource Department to uphold values that promote the creation of a conducive environment in both the welfare of the employees and the employer in the realization of organizational goals. In retrospect, practices such as poor employee behavior, sexual harassment, substance abuse, fighting, internet abuse, andRead MoreEffect Of Good Employer On Employee Relation1265 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Good Employer to employee relation is one of the key ingredient factor as far as the success of a particular organization is concerned. As such many organization are encourage through the Human Resource Department to uphold values that will promote the creating of a conducive environment that will promote both the welfare of the employees and the employer in realization of the organizational goals. In retrospect, practices such as poor employee behavior, sexual harassment, substanceRead MoreEmployment Law as a Determinant of Employee-Employer Relations747 Words   |  3 Pagesas Determining Employee-Employer Relations Often times, employment law protects the rights of the employees within the employee-employer relationship. It is crucial for employers to follow set standards in employment law, as such law determines how employees should be hired and terminated. Employment law also concerns matters of past and future employees, including former employers and job applicants. It is an incredibly dense and diverse are of law that helps protects both employers and employeesRead More Performance appraisal in relation to employee and employers Essay2515 Words   |  11 Pagessuggested that performance appraisal existed based on several rationales which includes making provision for selection decisions, a yardstick for salary increment, a medium for providing feed-back among managers and employees and facilitation of employee development (Mount 1984). Research was focused toward establishing systems for improving the psychometric properties of performance ratings (Mount 1984, Fombrun and Laud 1983). Howe ver, future research has attributed development changes in recentRead MoreA Change in Business Ethics: The Impact on Employer–Employee Relations1180 Words   |  5 PagesA Change in Business Ethics: The Impact on Employer–Employee Relations Business ethics is the behavior that a business adheres to in its daily dealings with the world. The ethics of a particular business can be diverse. They apply not only to how the business interacts with the world at large, but also to their one-on-one dealings with a single customer. In the recent decades, business ethics has become the platform on which the whole business rest on. Any disturbance to this base has and willRead MoreAssess the Advantages and Problems Facing an Employer Seeking to Manage Employee Relations in a Non-Union Environment.1830 Words   |  8 PagesMSc EMPLOYEE RELATIONS Dr. Joe McBride Dr. Arjan Keizer 06003512 [pic] I certify that this assignment is the result of my own work and does not exceed the word count noted. Number of words: 1500 (Excluding references, title page) Assess the advantages and problems facing an employer seeking to manage employee relations in a non-union environment. The issue of the ‘non-union’ firm has come to the forefront in Britain principally because it has been seen as an exemplar of one strandRead MoreEssay On Labor Relations Act714 Words   |  3 Pages National Labor Relations Act in section 7 give all employees protection of concercted activities the employee is a member of a union or not (Prozzi, 1986). Employee can actively engage in concerted activities to bargain collectively or for mutual protection. Even though employees have protections under section 7 and 8 of the National Labor Relations Act, those protections are not without limits. If employee organize a strike or a walk out, these are actions that protected under NLRA (Landry, 2016)Read MoreEssay Employee Relations1425 Words   |  6 Pagesapproaches and definitions of what employee relations is. â€Å"Employee relations is a common title for the industrial relations function within personnel management and is also sometimes used as an alternative label for the academic field of â€Å"industrial relations†. The term underlines the fact that industrial relations is not confined to the study of trade unions but embraces the broad pattern of employee management, including systems of direct communication and employee involvement that targets the individualRead MoreDeveloping an Analytical Approach to Industrial Relations Policy929 Words   |  4 Pageswant to define what industrial relations is. An industrial relations is a policy that approaches the employees, and acts as a reference for the management, where the actions that underlies the industrial relations is set by a formal authority in the organisation (Brewster, Gill, Richbell, 1981). The legislation of industrial relations, Fair Work Act 2009 is important, as it has a goal to create fairness with obligations an d rights between an employer and employee. Any changes or development in theRead MoreRecruitment And Selection Process For A Job Essay1474 Words   |  6 Pagesstart selecting the right candidates by doing job interviews and ability tests http://www.tutor2u.net/business/reference/ Employee relations and Employee engagement The term employee relations was conceived as a replacement for the term industrial relations, although historically the term was interpreted to refer to how collective relationships are conducted between employers and their workforce. Today’s interpretation is much wider and refers to individuals as well as collective relationships in

Essay on Symbolism and Characterization in Jackson’s The...

Traditions are passed on, from previous generations in Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery†. Traditions, which have been lost in time, but seemingly enough the stones have not been discarded. Set on a village in a warm summer day, the story begins with several boys gathering stones for the lottery. The rest of the villagers gather in the square. The fate of the villagers is determined by a slip of paper chosen from the black box. Symbolism and characterization, from the beginning to the end, work together to reveal the story’s theme: that people blindly follow tradition even if it leads to their own destruction. In the beginning, the villagers clearly show how the black box is an important symbol that has a†¦show more content†¦However, Mr. Summers an official of the lottery, â€Å"spoke frequently to the villagers about making a new box, but no one liked to upset even as much tradition as was represented by the black box† (410). The thought of changing the black box could symbolize the idea of doing away with the lottery. Granted the villagers may dread what the black box represents, tradition has a more powerful embrace on them. Gradually, as Mr. Summer prepares for the lottery, the rest of the villagers arrive. Mr. Adam attempts to speak of the other villages quitting the lotteries, but Old Man Warner quickly replies , â€Å"Pack of young fools† (413). Here Old Man Warner himself, comes to show the symbolism in his name. The young fools who have not experienced seventy seven years of tradition in the lottery. As if they are oblivious to the goodness of tradition. Meanwhile, the villagers begin to pick names out of the black box. The villagers become anxious, and a woman begins to shout, â€Å"Who is it?† Who’s got it?†(413). Knowing she did not win, it is now safe to proceed. Half way through the lottery, the villagers lack to doubt tradition. They are more concerned with getting done on time. In the end, there is only Tessie and her Husband, Bill Hutchinson remaining. Bill unravels the slip of paper and it is blank. The villagers began to shout, â€Å"It’s Tessie†(414). Here Tessie is announced the winner of the lottery. Tessie isShow MoreRelatedExpect the Unexpected1898 Words   |  8 PagesExpect the Unexpected What thoughts come to mind when you think of â€Å"The Lottery?† Positive thoughts including money, a new home, excitement, and happiness are all associated with the lottery in most cases. However, this is not the case in Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery†. Here, the characters in the story are not gambling for money, instead they are gambling for their life. A shock that surprises the reader as she unveils this horrifying tradition in the village on this beautifulRead MoreEssay on Theme of the Unexpected in The Lottery1819 Words   |  8 PagesExpect the Unexpected What thoughts come to mind when you think of The Lottery? Positive thoughts including money, a new home, excitement, and happiness are all associated with the lottery in most cases. However, this is not the case in Shirley Jackson’s short story, The Lottery. Here, the characters in the story are not gambling for money, instead they are gambling for their life. A shock that surprises the reader as she unveils this horrifying tradition in the village on this beautifulRead More The Rocking Horse Winner and The Lottery Essay838 Words   |  4 PagesIn both â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner† by D.H. Lawrence and â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, the authors take critical aim at two staples of mainstream values, materialism and tradition respectively. Both authors approach these themes through several different literary devices such as personification and symbolism; however, it is the authors use of characterization that most develop their themes. Well be takin g a look at the parallel passages in the stories that advance their themes particularly whenRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Young Goodman Brown and the Lottery925 Words   |  4 PagesComparing and Contrasting â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Lottery† By: Wayne Gillard II Professor C. Givens ENGL 102-B19 Wayne Gillard Prof. Givens ENGL 102-B19 Essay 1 Outline Thesis: The literary works of â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† both appear to show the fallibleness of human behavior and judgment. I. Introduction/Statement of Thesis II. Themes and Author’s Purpose a. The Lottery i. The hazards of following tradition or living according toRead MoreCritical Analysis of The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Essays2273 Words   |  10 Pages In the short story The Lottery, author Shirley Jackson creates a very shocking and horrifying situation through the use of characterization, setting, and the theme of the individual versus society, which is portrayed in the story as scapegoating. She writes as if the events taking place are common to any town (Mazzeno 2). The story was very unpopular when first published, mostly because of the fact that people did not understand it. The story of the all-to-familiar town, ordinary in every wayRead MoreEssay about The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson2214 Words   |  9 PagesWar, Shirley Jackson’s life was filled with graphic imagery of the violence existing throughout her world. Jackson’s husband Stanley Edgar Hyman wrote, â€Å"[Shirley’s] fierce visions of dissociations and madness, of alienation and withdrawa l, of cruelty and terror, have been taken to be personal, even neurotic fantasies. Quite the reverse: They are a sensitive and faithful anatomy of our times, fitting symbols for our distressing world of the concentration camp and the bomb† (â€Å"‘The Lottery’† 144). ManyRead MoreThe Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Essay example2088 Words   |  9 Pagesviolence existing throughout her world filled the life of Shirley Jackson. Jackson’s husband Stanley Edgar Hyman wrote, â€Å"[Shirley’s] fierce visions of dissociations and madness, of alienation and withdrawal, of cruelty and terror, have been taken to be personal, even neurotic fantasies. After two rounds of drawing, one to choose the family, and one to choose the member of that family, Tessie Hutchinson â€Å"wins† the lottery. She is then stoned to death by the rest of the people of the town, includingRead MoreMarxist Shirley Jackson s The Lottery1113 Words   |  5 Pagesmore har mful traditions such as killings. Marxist Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† is a frightening example of what happens when society can only distinguish two classes, specifically the oppressed working class and the wealthy class. This is made clear through the characterization of the higher class, as well as the lower class, and the effects within the norms of a social construct that has led them to carry out the lottery without second guessing its justification. As the story progressesRead MoreShirley Jackson: Using Color To Symbolize Cruelty and Evil in Everyday Life1827 Words   |  8 Pagesher work, arguing that people are basically evil. Many times, this theme is obviously stated in her stories, but sometimes it is woven in more subtly. In her short stories The Lottery,† Elizabeth, and Flower Garden, Shirley Jackson uses color to symbolize the cruelty and evil common in everyday life. In â€Å"The Lottery,† Jackson tells the story of what appears to be an innocent festival in a small, rural town in the United States. All of the townspeople gather around a black box, and cheerfullyRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 PagesMethods of Characterization In presenting and establishing character, an author has two basis methods or techniques at his disposal. One method is telling, which relies on exposition and direct commentary by the author. The other method is the indirect, dramatic method of showing, which involves the author’s stepping aside, as it were, to allow the character to reveal themselves directly through their dialogue and their actions. Direct methods of revealing character – characterization by telling

Movie Review Essay Example For Students

Movie Review Essay Michelle hears some noises in the house, after a while see finds out that its a missing girl, the girl is trying to get revenge for her death. First off, I would like to say that Michelle Phieffer is great in this movie; she carries her character strongly from start to finish. And unfortunately The movie opens with Pfeiffer and Ford taking their daughter to college, thus leaving them alone in their house for the first time since they were married. The daughter is actually the product of Pfeiffers first marriage to a musician who now dead (by what means I cant remember, nor does it matter). Ford is a successful research scientist at a university in New England as was his even more famous father. He is on the verge of finishing a major paper, which requires him to spend endless hours at the office, leaving Pfeiffer alone in their vast home. It is a mystery, as a bored Pfeiffer spies on her new neighbors, a troubled couple who fight a lot. Around the same time that the next-door wife seemingly disappears, Pfeiffer starts experiencing poltergeist-like activity in her house. Doors wont stay shut, photos fall from ledges, and finally she starts seeing the image of a pretty blonde woman in reflections in fogged-up mirror and in the water of a full bathtub. Pfeiffer and Ford have a good and believable chemistry, and there are some genuine thrills generated when Pfeiffer is alone in the house. Anyway, eventually Pfeiffer discovers that in fact the next-door neighbors wife is alive and well. Except for one small thing, the blonde ghost is still causing trouble in the house. Pfeiffer begins to see a psychiatrist (the always reliable Joe Morton), believing that maybe shes suffering from some kind of empty-nest syndrome, but she soon realizes that the ghost is real and she sets out to find out who she is and why shes bugging her. ConclusionAs Hatchet Harry said the story starts out with Pfeiffers daughter from a previous marriage going off to college. Shes dealing with the whole empty-nest syndrome, when the new neighbors next door start fighting, and the wife disappears. Pfeiffer is convinced that hes murdered her and starts spying on the husband who is now living alone in the house. Shortly after strange things start happening around the Pfeiffer-Ford house. You know, your usual haunting type activities like doors opening on their own, pictures falling off tables, radios switching on at full blast, bathtubs filling by themselves, yadda, yadda, yadda. It all works and you could feel the tension building in the audience.A year ago, Dr. Norman Spencer (Harrison Ford) betrayed his beautiful wife Claire (Michelle Pfeiffer). But the affair is over and Claires oblivious to the truth; Normans life and marriage seem perfectso perfect that when Claire tells him shes hearing mysterious voices and seeing a young womans wraithlike image in their home, he dismisses her mounting terror as delusion. However, as Claire moves closer to the truth, it becomes clear that this apparition will not be dismissed, and has come back for Dr. Norman Spencer.. . and his beautiful wife

Tim Leary Essay Research Paper Timothy Leary free essay sample

Tim Leary Essay, Research Paper Timothy Leary, besides known as? Uncle Tim? , ? The christ of LSD? , and? The most unsafe adult male in America? , was born on October 22, 1920, in Springfield, Massachusetts. He went to a public high school where he discovered misss and the ability to pull attending from those in authorization. After high school he attended Jesuit College Holy Cross, but Tim wasn? T satisfied with Holy Cross, so he took a trial to acquire into West Point. He got really high Markss and was accepted. Timothy was really enthused and proud to be at West Point. However, his enthusiasm faded when he realized that he was being trained non to believe, but to follow. One twenty-four hours, on a return trip from a football game, Timothy was invited to imbibe with a few of the upper classmen who brought some bottles of whisky. The illicit event was unluckily discovered the following twenty-four hours, and the Cadet Honor Committee punished Tim by bring downing a sort of lone parturiency: everyone was forbidden to talk a word to him. We will write a custom essay sample on Tim Leary Essay Research Paper Timothy Leary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A day of the month was set for a court-martial. Timothy was aquitted in less than two proceedingss, which caused the dissatisfied and unsated Committee to keep the silence penalty. Leary had to digest nine months of being ignored. When he became a sophomore, some of the plebe officers whom where non on the Honor Committee approached Tim to speak about the state of affairs. They informed him that the whole concern was doing morale jobs. They wanted to do a trade for Tim # 8217 ; s going. He said that he would go forth Westpoint if the award commission would read a statement in the muss hall proclaiming his artlessness. They returned two yearss subsequently with an blessing. Tim went back place and applied to more colleges. He was accepted to the University of Alabama where he became a psychological science major. Shortly after, Tim was expelled for kiping over at the misss? residence hall. He was an A pupil. When he was kicked out of college he was sent to basic preparation in heavy weapon at Fort Eustis Virginia. The ground forces needed psychologists, and since Tim had already started the major they let him complete his grade in the service. He was traveling to be stationed on an foot boat in the south Pacific. Fortunately, his old friend from the University of Alabama was now the main psychologist at the ground forces infirmary in Pennsylvania. He managed to acquire Tim a transportation to his infirmary. In 1944, while developing as a clinical psychologist in Pennsylvania, he met Marianne. They married, moved to Berkeley, and had two kids Susan and Jack. There he earned a doctors degree in psychological science from the University of California Berkeley, and over the following few old ages conducted of import research in psychotherapeutics. By the mid-50s he was learning at Berkeley and had been appointed Director of Psychological Research at the Kaiser Foundation. His book # 8220 ; The Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality # 8221 ; was basking much success. With extended survey, his squad discovered that one tierce of the patients who received psychotherapeutics got better, one 3rd got worse and one 3rd stayed the same, intending psychotherapeutics wasn # 8217 ; t truly working. His personal life, unluckily, took a bend for the worse. Marianne suffered from station partum depression after she had Susan and both her and Tim started to imbibe and contend on a regular basis. On Tim # 8217 ; s 35th birthday he awoke to happen Marianne in a closed garage with the auto running. She was already dead. Incredibly down and feeling that he was # 8220 ; practising a profession that didn # 8217 ; t seem to work, # 8221 ; Tim quit his station at Berkeley and moved to Europe where he was populating on a little research grant. In Europe Tim # 8217 ; s old Berkeley co-worker Frank Barron visited. He told of his trip to Mexico where he ate sacred mushrooms and had a spiritual experience. Barron thought that these mushrooms might be the nexus to the psychological metabolism that they had been looking for. Tim was unimpressed at first and ironically warned Barron about losing his scientific credibleness. Shortly after, David McClelland, the manager of the Harvard Center for Personality Research, was in Florence and interviewed Tim for a instruction station. During the interview Tim explained his theory on experiential dealing, informing that the whole relationship between patient/therapist should be changed to a more classless information exchange. McClelland was impressed stating that # 8220 ; There is no inquiry that what your advocating is traveling to be the hereafter of American psychological science. You # 8217 ; re spelling out front-line tactics. You # 8217 ; re precisely what we need to agitate things up at Harvard. # 8221 ; In the spring of 1960 Tim started learning at Harvard. That summer he went on holiday to Cuernavaca Mexico. An anthropologist from the University of Mexico, who was a frequent visitant to the Villa where Tim was remaining, offered some of the spiritual mushrooms. Remembering Barron # 8217 ; s narratives, he tried them trusting they could be the cardinal to psychological transmutation. They had that consequence. # 8220 ; I gave manner to please, as mystics have for centuries when they peeked through the drapes and discovered that this world-so obviously real-was really a bantam phase set constructed by the head. We discover suddenly that everything we accept as world is merely societal fabrication. # 8221 ; He was so amazed by the experience that he persuaded Harvard to let him to carry on research with psilocin. Along with Barron, Tim conducted the first surveies with grad pupils at Harvard. The trial expanded into Concord province prison where Tim and some grad pupils were allowe d to administrate psilocin to selected captives. They formed support groups for the inmates when they got out and had a 90 % success rate at assisting these people stay out of prison. His experiments besides included a group of deity pupils on Good Friday. The purpose was to see if chemical head change could bring forth a more mystical experience. The consequences were clear. The pupils who took the drug experienced what they saw as true religious experiences, while the 1s who took nil did non. The consequences seemed terrific but Tim neer got the response that was appropriate. The idea of people being able to straight pass on with God was really unsympathetic to the spiritual establishments of the state. Besides at Harvard Tim met Aldus Huxley and Allen Ginsburg where they started turning on noteworthy intellectuals such as William Burroughs, Thelonious Monk and Jack Kerouac. Huxley suggested that the drugs should merely be used by creative persons and the elite. Tim believed psychedelics should be shared with everyone and thought that the non-elite would profit most from its usage. Barron went back to Berkeley and Tim started working closer with an helper professor named Richard Alpert. Then, a British doctrine pupil named Michael Hollingshead called Tim with disclosures about LSD and showed up at Harvard with a mayonnaise jar of powdery sugar laced with it. This was an improbably powerful psychedelic drug discovered by Swiss Scientist Dr. Albert Hoffman in the 1940 # 8217 ; s. When Tim took LSD he said it # 8220 ; was something different. It was the most shattering experience of my life. # 8221 ; Many of the other professors became uneasy with Tim administrating drugs to pupils. So McClelland called a staff meeting early in1962. It turned into a scalding indictment of Tim # 8217 ; s work and they insisted that the drugs be given back to the University? s control and that there be more supervising of his research. More contention erupted when the Narcotics Bureau got involved and Tim learned that the CIA was cognizant of their activities. Furthermore, many of the undergraduates who couldn # 8217 ; t acquire into the research plan obtained the drugs through other agencies and started their ain experiments. Many of the parents were going alarmed happening out that their kids, who they had enrolled in school to go the power elite, where seeing God and traveling to India. This put force per unit area on the College and in 1963 Tim and Alpert were â€Å"relieved† from their places at Harvard. Leary and Alpert didn’t think much of their dismissal and in the spring of 1962, Leary and Alpert continued their research of psychedelics in a sign of the zodiac non far from New York known as Millbrook. Baroque on the outside and In-between Eastern on the interior, this was a topographic point for the hip and elite to acquire off for the weekend and prove the boundaries of their ain psyches. In 1964 Tim was married once more for a short clip and while he was off from Millbrook some alterations occurred. Tim thought Alpert allow the topographic point get out of manus and they had a split in their relationships. Alpert changed his name to Baba Ram Dass and became a respected instructor of Eastern Disciplines. Necessitating to acquire off from the feverish gait of Millbrook, Tim took his two kids and shortly to be married woman, Rosemarry Woodruff, to holiday in Mexico. He was denied entryway to the state and as he came back marihuana was found on his 18-year-old girl. Tim instantly took the incrimination, which the constabulary were all excessively happy to accept. He was sentenced to 30 old ages and his girl to five old ages for holding 10 dollars worth of marihuana. With the Texas strong belief Tim? s popularity increased. The authorities nevertheless, started going more hawkish in its anti-drug policies ; Richard Nixon called Tim the # 8220 ; most unsafe adult male in America # 8221 ; . Fruitless foraies and changeless torment by G. Gordon Liddy ended the Millbrook epoch. With the cultural alterations traveling on at the clip, the authorities was going alarmed at the manner the young person started to utilize LSD. The imperativeness was full of narratives of immature people holding atrocious experiences. Tim became discouraged with how the imperativeness focused on LSD but paid no reference to all the intoxicant induced jobs, which were far more terrible. He started giving talks, interviews and composing magazine articles that outlined the demand for counsel and cognition. America needed a responsible drug policy that should include instruction non criminalisation. Few of these made the imperativeness nevertheless. What they needed was good imperativeness and positive association with LSD. A friend suggested that Tim meet with Marshall McLuhan to acquire thoughts on how to win public support. Marshall said that # 8220 ; Dreary Senate hearings and courtrooms are non the platforms for your message. You must utilize the most current tactics for elicitin g consumer involvement. Associate LSD with all the good things that the encephalon can produce-beauty, merriment, philosophic admiration, spiritual disclosure, increased intelligence and mystical love affair. # 8221 ; Tim noted that the resistance had already crush them to the clout by emphasizing the negative which can be unsafe when the head is re-imprinting under LSD. McLuhen reiterated, that is exactly why you need to utilize your public image. He encouraged Tim to smile when photographed, neer appear angry and radial bravery. It was after this that he came up with the look # 8220 ; Turn On # 8221 ; ( trip your nervous and familial equipment ) # 8220 ; Tune In # 8221 ; ( interact harmoniously with the universe around you ) and # 8220 ; Drop Out # 8221 ; ( proposing an active, selective and graceful procedure of withdrawal from nonvoluntary or unconscious committednesss. ) Unfortunately, the imperativeness took it to intend # 8220 ; acquire stoned and abandon all construc tive activity # 8221 ; . Tim and Rosemarry moved to Laguna Beach, and attended the Human Be-In and became active with the war attempt. He gave talks and interviews. He recorded albums with Jimi Hendrix, Stephen Stills and Buddy Miles. He sang Give Peace a Opportunity with John and Yoko. He decided to run for governor of California and # 8220 ; Come Together # 8221 ; was written for it. Tim was fortunate when the Supreme Court overturned the Texas drug instance. However, he was non so lucky with the California governments. He pulled over by constabularies and arrested for ownership of two roaches. When Jack and Rosemary were searched they found some hash and acerb check. He pled no competition to the roaches so they would be lighter on Jack and Rosemary. They would so contend the charges in the higher tribunals. Bing tried in the most conservative county in California and place to Richard Nixon, Tim received 10 old ages and was sent to imprison instantly for an discourtesy that us ually warranted six months probation. In an unheard of move, they sent him to imprison while the entreaty was being sought which could hold taken two old ages. After replying a prison psychological trial that was mostly based on his research, Tim was sent to a minimum-security prison in San Luis Opispo. There he made an unbelievable flight dodging searchlights and wobbling on a overseas telegram over barbed wire to freedom. Shortly after, he surfaced in Algiers where he had been offered Asylum with Black Panther Eldridge Cleaver # 8217 ; s authorities in expatriate. Cleaver nevertheless viewed Tim as a security hazard and responded by seting Tim and Rosemary under house apprehension. They so fled to Switzerland where Tim tried to acquire sanctuary. In the procedure he met the adult male who discovered LSD, Dr. Albert Hoffman. At their meeting Tim asked Hoffman about the dangers of LSD. # 8220 ; Without vacillation Hoffman replied that there was no grounds whatsoever that LSD damag ed the brain. # 8221 ; Ultimately, the Nixon disposal had filed extradition documents and the Swiss authorities refused to go on protecting him so he fled to Afghanistan where he was arrested at the airdrome and handed over to the DEA. Get downing in 1972, Tim spent clip in several different prisons and was eventually released in 1976. He parted with his girlfriend Joanna, who had been assisting him while he was in prison, shortly after his release. Tim found himself at a unusual point in life. # 8220 ; Once once more my state of affairs was precariously unstable. Fifty-six old ages old with no place, no occupation, no recognition and small credibleness. I felt rather entirely. It was a great clip to get down a new career. # 8221 ; He later moved to Los Angeles and started socialising within Hollywood circles. He felt that Hollywood was a natural development for him. After all, movie making is changing perceptual experience. In 1978 he married Barbara Chase who had a immature boy Zach. This was a perfect clip for Tim to hold the type of relationship with a kid that he neer got to hold with his first two kids. During the 1880ss, Tim went on college talk Tourss and foretold of the hereafter that computing machines would convey to the universe. He started his ain package company called Futique and helped design plans that would digitise imagination images. He believed the Internet was traveling to be like the LSD of the 90 # 8217 ; s authorising people on a mass degree. Tim realized that computing machine driven electronic environments were the obvious posterities of the psychedelic motion. With the rise of low-cost engineerings Tim began reshaping his full line of work. His talks became multi-media extravaganzas with unrecorded picture and music. His books became in writing novels that were the merchandises of desktop publication and most deeply his involvements became focussed towards the rise of the Wor ld Wide Web. Tim realized that this was what he was waiting for, a topographic point where you can make and interact with your ain universes. Soon, Tim devoted his full attempts to doing his web site, hypertext transfer protocol: //leary.com, his place for his archives, thoughts and his fans. After he learned he had inoperable prostate malignant neoplastic disease in January of 1995, he embraced the deceasing experience as one of the greatest journeys of all clip. He refused to go morbid and depressed over his state of affairs. He was frequently entertaining invitees and could frequently be seen at a figure of events in the metropolis in his expression one wheel chair. A place in internet that can populate on forever was one of Tim # 8217 ; s last wants. Timothy Leary was many things to many people, and he resisted most efforts to categorise himself. He frequently said at these times, # 8220 ; you get the Timothy Leary that you deserve. # 8221 ; Overall it is accurate to name him a philosopher and a scientist, whose implicit in motives were human communicating and understanding the head.

A review of economic growth and financial development literature

A review of economic growth and financial development literature Introduction It is the wish of every country to realize improved and sustainable economic growth and financial development in order to improve the living standards of the greatest majority among its citizenry. Improved economic and financial development is also central to a country’s ability to safeguard its survival in a world that is increasingly facing uncertainties, and unforeseeable risks.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A review of economic growth and financial development literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For these reasons, countries with visionary and development conscious leaders devise the most feasible economic blueprints that can enable them to reach greater heights of economic and financial success. In reality, a developmental state is a product of superior economic design; not accident, chance, or miracle. That is the bitter truth that the world’s poor and developing countriesâ⠂¬â„¢ leaders must embrace or condemn their countries to terminal economic and financial stagnation. This paper is a review of China’s economic growth and financial development. Economic growth Economic growth refers to a rise in the capacity of a country to generate goods and services, as compared from one period of its history to another (Barro Sala-i-Martin 2004, p.52). Economic growth is measured in real and nominal terms (Cypher Dietz 2008, p.33). Nominal terms include inflation while real terms are adjusted for inflation. Comparative studies of economic growth of different countries use GDP or GNP per capita because these variables take into account population differences between countries (Cypher Dietz 2008, p.33). Economic growth is normally attributed to technological advancement in a given society (Barro Sala-i-Martin 2004, p.52). United States is a prime example where enormous economic growth was realised following the introduction of the internet technology. I t is pertinent to note that, the growth of a country’s economy should not be seen in terms of an increase in its productive capacity only, but also as an improvement in the quality of life of its citizenry. In short, economic growth is a process through which a country’s wealth accumulates over an extended period. Therefore, economic growth can best be thought of as a process of transformation.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Fitzgerald, a country’s long-term sustainable economic growth depends on its ability to increase its pace of accumulating physical and human capital, to use the resulting productive assets more efficiently and guarantee the reach of the entire population to these assets (2006, p.1). Financial Development Financial development refers to the â€Å"creation and expansion of instruments, institutions and markets that support a country’s investment and economic growth process† (Fitzgerald 2006, p.1; King Levine 1993, p.3). Banks and non-banking financial intermediaries such as stock markets and pension funds â€Å"play the role of translating household savings into enterprise investment, keep an eye on investments and distribute funds, as well as, to price and mitigate risks† (Fitzgerald 2006, p.1). Financial intermediation provides liquidity so that companies can operate the new capacities efficiently. Some economists hold that, financial development and economic growth are intimately related (Jeanneney et al 2008, p.3). Financial development influences a country’s economic growth, and helps to alleviate poverty because economic growth is a potential way of reducing poverty (Jeanneney et al 2008, p.3). Financial development helps alleviate poverty indirectly by motivating growth, and directly by enhancing transactions and enabling the poor to gain from financial services that raise their income, which facilitate their ability to undertake productive investments and other activities. Literature review on China’s economic growth and financial development The People’s Republic of China, popularly known as China is the most populous country with over 1.3 billion citizens. It is situated in East Asia (LaFleur 2003, P.3). It is a de jure one-party state ruled by the Communist Party of China (CPC) (LaFleur 2003, P.3). China is the third largest country by a total area and the second largest by land area (LaFleur 2003, p.3). During 1990s, the international community started to acknowledge that China’s economy is self-motivated and rapidly growing; therefore, its swift growth would continue for some time (Chow 1994, p.1). Today, china is one of the fastest growing economies internationally.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A review of economic growth and financial development literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since 1978 when economic liberalization was introduced in China, China’s investment and export-led economy has grown 90 times bigger and is currently the fastest growing leading economy in the world (Wang et al 2007, p.85; Bramall 2009, p.464). According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), during the period 2001-2010, China’s annual average GDP growth was 10.5 percent. This growth is anticipated to grow at 9.5 percent during the period 2011-2015 (Morrison 2011, p.2). Between 2007 and 2010; China’s economic growth rate was equivalent to all of the G7 countries put together (Morrison 2011, p.2). The link between economic growth and financial development has triggered a protracted debate from Smith to Schumpeter. According to research results over the years, financial development stimulates economic growth (Burzynska 2009, p.8). He argued that via the services that financial intermediaries bring about like mobilizing savings, containing risk and enhancing transactions technological and economic development is motivated (Burzynska 2009, p.8). For him, financial intermediaries facilitate technological innovation. Technological advancement according to Schumpeter is a process of continuous substitution of old production methods and goods with improved processes, services and goods by innovation and invention (Burzynska 2009, p.8). It has long been agreed amongst economists that financial institutions can enhance economic growth. For instance, Hicks put emphasis on capital formation, which he argued can be influenced by financial intermediaries by either changing savings rate or by redistributing savings among different capital generating technologies. There are, however, distinguished economists who oppose the view that financial developments stimulate economic growth. For example, for Robinson an economy in which enterprise is leading finance development follows (Robinson 1952, p.4 3). In other words, financial development takes place as an automatic response to rising varied financial needs. Other scholars were concerned that economists overemphasized the importance financial factor in economic growth (Lucas 1988, p.4).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Financial intermediaries play six main roles. First, they pool household savings and make them available for lending (Burzynska 2009, p.9). Doing so reduces transaction costs for firms, as well as, households themselves. Secondly, financial intermediaries distribute savings and decide who gets loans (Burzynska 2009, p.9). Thirdly, financial institutions mitigate the overall risks of doing business by way of spreading investor’s funds among the diverse investment opportunities. Fourth, they produce liquidity. Fifth financial in situations facilitate trade by extending credit and guaranteeing payment (Burzynska 2009, p.9). Finally, they exert corporate control and monitoring of managers. A properly functioning financial system should ensure increased savings and investments which either via capital accumulation or technological change leads to rise in output and consequently economic growth (Burzynska 2009, p.9). China’s outstanding economic growth during the last two de cades has attracted considerable attention particularly from economists. Most empirical studies show that improvement in China’s productivity can account for an important portion of its striking growth (Morrison 2011, p.5). The source of China’s remarkable growth has two aspects namely domestic and international even though the two are intimately related. Since 1978, China backed free trade and gradually removed trade restrictions. The government transformed its policy of management of foreign trade by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and gave provincial governments a substantial autonomy in foreign trade and permitted private sector to take part in foreign trade (Morrison 2011, p.2; Chow 2005, p1). According to Chow (2005), during the period 1978 to 2002, total volume of exports and imports rose from $ 20.64 billion to a staggering $620.8 billion in 2002. This accounted for 65 % of china’s GDP and a growth rate of 35% annually (Chow 2005, p.1). Consequently, China became the third largest trading economy behind Germany and the United States. Presents Chinese exports are found all over the world. In the year 2001, China acquired World trade Organization membership. WTO pushed it to lower its tariffs for manufactured and agricultural products (Chow 2005, p.1; Bao et al 2006, p.181). The lowering of tariffs helped to increase competition among Chinese manufacturers and farmers and ended up providing inexpensive products for Chinese consumers. According to Chow (2005), foreign trade has boosted China’s economic growth in three aspects. International specialization, which occurs as each country produces the goods for which it has a comparative advantage in generating, has enabled China to procure more goods than by national production only (Chow 2005, p.1). Secondly, exports are a part of aggregate demand and rise in cumulative demand has helped China to raise its national output. Thirdly, trade in conjunction with foreign investment has b rought in modern technology and methods of management that has increased China’s productivity (Chow 2005, p.1). Another major cause of China’s economic growth was an increase in foreign investment, and domestic investments (Chow 2005, p.2; Morrison 2011, p.5; Zhang 1995, p.2). Even though available statistics show that private consumption fell from 49 percent of GDP in 1990 to 35 % in 2008, investment increased from 35% to 44 percent of GDP by the same date (Chow 2005, p.2). According to Clow (2005), flow of physical capital in the form of foreign direct Investment (FDI) has been exemplary in advancing China’s economic growth. After the introduction of the 1978 economic reforms, China’s foreign investment policies have positively changed. The 1978 economic reforms became a point of departure for China from seeing foreign investment as a form of exploitation by outsiders, to embracing it for purposes of China’s economic growth and development (Chow 2005, p.2; Morrison 2011, p.2). For instance, in 2001, an amount of FDI of $ 49.7 billion dollars was utilized while in 2003 $ 56.1 billion was utilized. Foreign investment has helped China’s economic growth through the provision of physical and financial capital, new technology and managerial skills to China (Chow 2005, p.2; Morrison 2011, p.5). Through the 1978 reforms the government also encouraged individual citizens to start their own businesses. Additionally, control of prices for various commodities by the state was gradually removed. Clow, however, points out that, foreign investment is not a basic economic factor in China’s outstanding economic growth, but only a vehicle boosting that growth (Chow 2005, p.2). Instead, there are three significant factors including availability of high quality human resources, which comprise properly trained and hardworking labourers, and creative entrepreneurs. Adequately properly functioning market institutions and chinaâ€⠄¢s standing as a late comer who can embrace new technology from the already developed countries (Chow 2005, p.3). These three fundamental factors have enabled china to create a centre of attention for foreign investors. Moreover, the investors would have invested their capital in other economies. Today, China is exporting capital to developing countries, as well as, United States. For instance, Chinese investment has boosted economic development of some African and Asian countries. Morrison has attributed China’s swift economic growth to two main factors namely large-scale capital investments and a swift productivity growth (Morrison 2011, p.5). These capital investments were financed by both foreign investments and domestic savings. Economists view these two factors as having moved hand in hand. Economic reforms resulted into higher efficiency in China’s economy, which in turn, enhanced national output and raised resources for additional investment within the economy (Morrison 2011, p.5). Furthermore, economists have concluded that productivity growth, or increases in efficiency have been a fundamental factor in China’s striking economic growth. This improved productivity is attributed to reallocation of resources to more productive areas particularly sectors that were previously strictly controlled by the government like services, trade and agriculture (Morrison 2011, p.5). For example, improvements in agriculture promoted production and set workers free to pursue employment in a more dynamic manufacturing sector (Morrison 2011, p.5). In addition, economic decentralization encouraged the rise of private companies. The private firms that emerged tended to follow more productive activities than the State Owned Enterprises (SOEs), and were more market-oriented and for this reason more efficient (Morrison 2011, p.5). The export sector of the Chinese economy got exposed to competition. Provincial and Local governments were permitted to estab lish and run a wide range of enterprises based on market forces and principles, without central government interference (Morrison 2011, p.5). Additionally, China has attained high rates of total factor productivity than even most of the developed economies including United States. These high rates of TFT growth are attributed to China’s ability to reach and make use of existing foreign technology and expertise. Apart from the causes of rapid Chinese economic growth reviewed above, economists have explored the role played by financial development in boosting economic development in China over the two last decades. Like other sectors, since the introduction of the 1978 economic reforms, the Chinese financial sector has experienced fundamental changes. For example, the place of mono banking was taken over by commercial banking; stock markets emerged; and modern regulatory bodies were established (Burzynska 2009, p.11; Zhang 2008, p.12). Stock markets were introduced in China in 1990. Stock markets were established in main cities including Shanghai which is a China’s oldest financial centre and Shenzhen, a fast growing city in the southern part of china for purposes of balance (Burzynska 2009, p.13). More than 75 percent of stock trading takes place in shanghai and the rest in Shenzhen. Unfortunately, even though indexes may reach greater heights and transactions prosper within China’s stock markets, some shares are not tradable (Burzynska 2009, p.14). For example, combined capitalization of Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets as at the end of 2007 was 133% of GDP even though only 37% of GDP was tradable (Burzynska 2009, p.13). Furthermore, stock in china is more of a political affair and thus plays a minor role in financing enterprises. Politics within the stock market has led to incorrect pricing of the stock with overpricing and under pricing alternating depending on the prevailing political conditions (Burzynska 2009, p.13). Loans offered 80% of financing compared to 13% of equity in year 2007. Foreign companies are only permitted to obtain loans from banks only and can not borrow from other companies. According to Burzynska (2009), even though the debt market in china is developing it is considerably narrow, fragmented and inadequate in liquidity. It was not until 1990 that the government started to take charge of and control the bond markets seriously, which began unofficially in 1980s (Burzynska 2009, p.15). In 1997 trading of government bonds was started on the inter-bank market. The corporate bond market was reserved for various SOEs, and a considerable period remained remarkably small (Burzynska 2009, p.14). The government and policy banks issue most of the bonds. However, the volume of bonds traded has grown significantly especially since 1998 due to expansionary monetary policies (Burzynska 2009, p.14). For example, as of the end of year 2007 total bond issuance accounted for 32% of GDP (Burzynska 2009, p.14) . In a nut shell, it is the Chinese banking sector that plays the most significant role within the Chinese financial sector and is thought to have the strongest link with economic growth. Chinese financial system has numerous banking institutions. Hence, over the last decade total bank loans have accounted for over 105% of GDP (Burzynska 2009, p.15). China’s banking sector is categorized into four principal types of banks including commercial banks, state owned banks, foreign banks and rural credit cooperatives (Burzynska 2009, p.15). There are also non-banking institutions. The People’s Bank of China has served as the central bank of china since 1983. It formulates and put into practice monetary policies and controls financial markets (Burzynska 2009, p.16). However, it is not an independent entity because the government has apparent control over expansion of new financial products and levels related to interests rates on loans. The momentous question today revolves a round whether the relatively weak financial intermediaries in China have been a fundamental contributing factor to China’s rapid economic growth. Influential economists, some of which are respected authorities on Asian economic studies, have positively focused on the role of China’s financial system in its rapid economic growth. Others had used the case of China’s outstanding economic growth to prove that financial development follows economic growth given the fact that, by the time china was emerging as a dynamic economy, its financial system was poorly developed. Therefore, for such scholars current financial development is merely responding to presently required financial arrangements in a growing economy. There is, however, evidence showing that Chinese has historically maintained a high of savings even in the absence of a properly developed financial system. For example, when economic reforms were introduced in 1978 domestic savings stood at 32% of GDP (Mor rison 2011, p.5). Even though, much of these savings were produced by profits of SOEs, the 1978 economic reforms which entailed economic decentralization, resulted into a considerable rise in Chinese household savings, as well as, company savings (Morrison 2011, p.5). Consequently, Chinese gross savings as a proportion of GDP have drastically grown; it reached 53.9% in 2010; therefore, is one of the highest savings rates in the world (Morrison 2011, p.5). According to Morrison (2011), the high level of savings has allowed China to boost national investment. It is estimated that Chinese domestic saving margins surpass its domestic investment levels making China one of the largest net global lenders (Morrison 2011, p.5). Therefore, there is no dispute that financial intermediaries have contributed to Chinese rapid economic growth especially during the years following initialization of the 1978 economic reforms. These reforms apparently created a developmental space in which competitio n within the financial sector could thrive, and in the long run enabled it to contribute to China’s astounding economic growth. There is empirical evidence showing that financial development has significantly contributed to China’s high rates of total factor production (Guillaumont et al 2008, p.3). Empirical evidence has continually shown that financial development promotes China’s productivity by increasing efficiency. Financial development caused a positive and significant impact on efficiency both through expansion of credit to the private sector and through promotion of competition within the financial sector, which in turn robustly promotes China’s productivity growth (Guillaumont et al 2008, p.3; Hasan et al 2007, p.4; Calomiris 2007, p.364). However, economists, such as Maswana, have asserted that China’s rapid economic growth and financial development outcomes are irreconcilable because; its financial system is seriously weak and inefficie nt (Maswana 2008, p.1). Avid critics of the said link between China’s remarkable economic growth and its financial development cite intermediation inefficiencies such as non-performing loans and government controlled loan allocation (Maswana 2008, p.2). Conclusion China’s economic growth is certainly remarkable and hence the enormous attention it has attracted among influential economic scholars across the globe. More literature on China’s economic growth and financial development will keep on surfacing, since its rapid economic growth rate is anticipated to continue for a considerable period in the foreseeable future. This argument is anchored on the fact that there is an unresolved debate on the connection between China’s rapid economic growth and its financial development. However, it expected that as China’s technological advancement starts to catch up with that of principal developed countries, its level of productivity advantages and real GDP growth could slow considerably from its spectacular 10% economic growth rate, unless China transforms itself into a centre of new innovation and technological revolution. Furthermore, thriving of business in all sectors especially with regard to foreign investment depends largely on government’s ability to implement free-trade policies, which are in line with WTO principles. References Bao, S., Lin, S., Zhao, C., 2006. The Chinese economy after WTO accession. Hampshire, UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Barro, J., Sala-i-Martin, X., 2004. Economic growth. New York, NY: MIT Press. Bramall, C., 2009. Chinese economic development. New York, NY: Taylor Francis. Burzynska, K., 2009. Financial Development and Economic Growth: The Case of Chinese Banking Sector. [Online] Available at: nek.lu.se/NEKfng/Financialdevelopmentandeconomicgrowth.pdf . Calomiris, C. W., 2007. Chinas financial transition at a crossroads. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. Chow, C., 1994. Understanding C hinas economy. London: World Scientific. Chow, C., 2005. Globalization and China’s Economic and Financial Development. [Online] Available at: www.princeton.edu//Globalization%20and%20China9%208%2005.pdf . Cypher, M., Dietz, L., 2008. The process of economic development. New York, NY: Taylor Francis. Guillaumont, S., Hua, P., Liang, Z., 2008. Financial Development, Economic Efficiency and Productivity Growth: Evidence from China. [Online] Available at: lingnan.net/news2/fujian/2006321125013Liang_abstract.pdf . Hasan, I., Wachtel, P., Zhou, M., 2007. Institutional Development, Financial Deepening and Economic Growth: Evidence from China. [Online] Available at: http://w4.stern.nyu.edu/emplibrary/7-17.pdf-Hasan . Jeanneney. G., Kpodar, J., International Monetary Fund. African Dept. 2008. Financial development and poverty reduction: can there be a benefit without a cost. New York, NY: International Monetary Fund. King, R.G., Levine, R., 1993. Finance and Growth: Schumpeter M ight Be Right. [Online] Available at: http://ideas.repec.org/p/wbk/wbrwps/1083.html . LaFleur, R. A., 2003. China: a global studies handbook. New York, NY: ABC-CLIO. Lucas, E., 1988. On the Mechanics of Economic Development. Journal of Monetary  Economics, 22(6), pp. 3-42. Maswana, J., 2008. China’s Financial Development and Economic Growth: Exploring the Contradictions. [Online] Available at: eurojournals.com/irjfe_19_07.pdf Morrison. M., 2011. China’s Economic Conditions. [Online] Available at: fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33534.pdf . Robinson, J., 1952. The rate of interest and other essays. London: Macmillan. Wang, G., Wong, J., National University of Singapore East Asian Institute. 2007. Interpreting Chinas development. London: World Scientific. Zhang, A., 1995. Economic Growth and Human Development in China. [Online] Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr1996/papers/amei_zhang.pdf Zhang, J., 2008. China’s Economic Growth. Trajectories and Ev olving Institution  Washington DC United Nations University.

American Ignorance of War essays

American Ignorance of War essays Creslaw Milosz's American Ignorance of War is a critique of America's obliviousness to the fact that there could exist differences in social orders and values, which could be as natural as the American way of thinking and life. It is important to note here that Milosz goes to great length to prove that different states, such as war, can grow to become as natural a condition as times of peace, since both become part of man's experience. To illustrate this point, he points out that human nature is so geared to survival that it quickly learns to adapt to new living conditions. Therefore, he says, that one can even conceive "of the day when a thoroughly self-respecting citizen will crawl on all fours, sporting a tail of brightly colored feathers as a sign of conformity to the order he Milosz supports his argument in three ways. One, he explains that America's obliviousness is an outcome of Americans never having experienced the trauma of a war or social order that teaches men just how relative their judgments and thinking habits are. Two, he conjectures that the relatively long period of prosperity that Americans have enjoyed has led to the belief that the social order in which they were born and the American value system is the only one that is natural and compatible with human nature. Three, the end result of such American concepts, Milosz feels, is an appalling lack of imagination of what it really means to live with hunger, disease, bombed cities, or the terror of a despotic government. Milosz provides several examples to prove that the American belief in its social order is based on a false and shaky foundation, which could crumble at any time. Using his World War II experiences in Poland, he points out that the ordinary citizen in Eastern Europe, much like Americans today, took for granted the normalcy of his house, work, clothes, and ...

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 39

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Smartlipo laser liposuction technique explained to prospective Essay

Smartlipo laser liposuction technique explained to prospective patients - Essay Example rtlipo makes use of the tumescent technique, where highly diluted lidocaine and epinephrine are injected into the target fat tissues, so that they swell and become tumescent (meaning firm). Lidocaine is a local anesthetic while epinephrine helps in minimising blood loss. Then, the fat cells are broken down by using calibrated lasers and the fluid formed is easily suctioned off through a cannula, about 1-2mm wide. The traditional methods require the patient to be put under general anesthesia, causing much discomfort. Hospitalization is required, followed by weeks of slow recovery. Besides, surgical blood loss and bruising is higher. Smartlipo requires a very small incision in the skin for inserting the cannula, hence can be performed under local anesthesia. One doesn’t feel any pain during the procedure, and only a little pain after the anesthesia wears off, which can be easily taken care of with minor pain medications. Most patients need just one session of about 45 minutes to one hour for treating one body area. Recovery period is also very less compared to traditional methods. Many people return to work within two hours of the procedure, while some like to rest for a few days. Results can be seen immediately, with continued improvement over a period of three months. From then on, the skin looks completely normal, with hard to spot scars. The fat removed by Smartlipo doesn’t grow back in the treated areas in adults, eliminating the problem of regaining fat after losing it. Besides, the laser technology helps firm up the skin from under which fat removal has been done, thereby preventing ungainly sagging, so commonly seen in traditional liposuction methods. A Smartlipo session is followed by a doctor’s checkup and instructions. It is essential to follow the instructions strictly. One must take pain medications as directed and also use the compression bandages to prevent blood clotting and ensure quick healing. No other medicines like anti-inflammatory

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Jean Jacques Rousseau - Essay Example The essay highlighted the hazardous impact of modern civilization. He delivered his thoughts on education in his book title mile, which was a semi-fictitious work that outlined the growth of a lad named by the book, who was actually controlled by the author himself. The author brought the lad to the country side; a place that he sees humans being naturally suited, in comparison to a city where there are all the bad habits that are learnt in both physical and intellectual sense. Rousseau recognized and stated that education is about learning the art of living, and this art can only be learnt once there is a guardian to guide the ways and means to a good living. This gave birth to the concept of mentors. The great philosopher divided the growth period of a child into three distinct sections, i.e. up to 12, 12-16, and 16 onwards. In the first phase, i.e. up to 12 years of age, in accordance with the deepest certainty that the author held, calculating and multifaceted thinking is quite not possible, and children live more like animals. In the second ph ase, i.e. from the age of 12 up to that of 16, reasoning starts developing. In the third phase, i.e. from the age of 16 years onward the child develops into an adult. This was the time when Emile found a young lady as his complement. The fundamentals of this book are moreover based on the healthy living ideals of Rousseau. The boy then does work towards his social instincts follow up, protection from vices of individualized urbanization, and self-consciousness. The scenario portrayed here is not merely of a gender-neutral child. There is a character in the book i.e. of Sophie who represents an ideal womanhood and Emile is meant to marry her. Her education is purposely different from that of Emile as she is learned to be administered by her husband; on the contrary, the education of Emile is for self-governance. This differentiation is a part of the essential thoughts of the author regarding gender education. There have been several criticisms on this work. Emile's edication has been thought of as impractical. Child's Education, the topic itself has also been the cause of ignorance during many followers who mainly look up to Rousseau for his political work. Similar principle was then applied to the political issues by Rousseau in a book named Discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'ingalit parmi les hommes (Discourse on the Origin of Inequality) in 1755. Some of his other famous writings included Constitutional Program for Corsica (1765), Considerations on the Government of Poland (1772), and Discourse on Political Economy (1755). The ideas generated in these political writings eventually led to the French Revolution. The Educational Theory presented by Jean Jacques Rousseau were also a major contribution of the great philosopher to the educational arena. These theories included Theory of Value, Theory of Knowledge, Theory of Human Nature, Theory of Learning Theory of Transmission, Theory of Society, Theory of Opportunity, and Theory of Consensus. Many of these theories are devoted towards learning and

Building A BJT Amplifier Engineering Essay

Building A BJT Amplifier Engineering Essay Students were required to research and design a BJT Amplifier. This amplifier was to be built in the laboratory and tested to verify specifications. Calculations for resistors and capacitors were done and theoretical values were obtained. The circuit was built using Multisim 7 and then simulated to obtain practical values for resistors and capacitors. This is called DC Analysis. When the circuit met the required specifications, building of the BJT Amplifier could begin. Testing of the BJT Amplifier was done using the Feedback FG601 Function Generator which provided an input and a Tektronix 2205 Oscilloscope which showed the output waveform. Also, the Fluke 177 Multi-meter was used when checking for quiescent voltages and currents. The voltage gain, maximum symmetrical swing and the lower cut-off frequency for the BJT Amplifier was tested. The results obtained during tested were compared with the simulated and theoretical results. 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List of Abbreviations Voltage gain BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor Current gain Input Impedance Base current Collector current Current across resistor Current across resistor Current across the original emitter resistor Current across the new emitter resistor Current across the unbypassed resistor Resistor used in the potential divider Collector resistor Resistor used in the potential divider Original emitter resistor New emitter resistor (bypassed) Unbypassed resistor Load resistor Base emitter voltage Voltage across the collector and emitter Input voltage Output voltage Voltage across resistor Voltage across the collector resistor Voltage across resistor Voltage across the original emitter resistor Voltage across the new emitter resistor Voltage across the bypassed resistor Introduction It is known that transistors are widely used in electronic devices. This design project is ideal as it enables students to get practical experience in the designing of electrical devices. The practical and theoretical knowledge needed for this design project challenges students as they have to validate calculated values and explain why each process was done. Since the BJT Amplifier has to be designed theoretically, students will understand the limitations provided by the equipment. They will also grasp an appreciation of the simulated circuit model as it relates to the tests performed on the circuit. The theory from Electronics provided valuable knowledge in designing the BJT amplifier. Support was given from lectures based from Engineering Skills and Applications. The practical knowledge was covered in previous laboratory exercises which were designated to familiarizing students with the various equipments. Also, demonstrations were provided by the technicians on the use of the breadboard which is the core building block of the BJT amplifier. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Transistors are important components used in technological devices around the world. Computers, cell phones, and radios are some of the many devices that require transistors as part of their circuit. The transistor is a three terminal, solid state electronic device. In a three terminal device we can control electric current or voltage between two of the terminals by applying an electric current or voltage to the third terminal. This three terminal character of the transistor is what allows us to make an amplifier for electrical signals, like the one in our radio. (cited) The three terminals are the collector terminal, the base terminal and the emitter terminal. There are three possible configurations of a transistor; the common collector, common base and the common collector. In the common emitter amplifier configuration, the emitter terminal is common to both the input and output circuits. The current gain does not have any effect on the collector current , or the collector-emitter voltage . A quiescent point is the operating point of a device which when applied to a device, causes it to operate in a desired fashion. It also refers to the dc conditions of a circuit without an input signal. The Q-point is sometimes indicated on the output characteristics curves for a transistor amplifier. There are different biasing arrangements associated with transistor configurations. These include; simple bias, self stabilizing bias, and H-type bias. The simple bias circuit consists of a fixed bias resistor and a fixed load resistor. For this bias design, the transistor configuration being used is the common emitter. The dc current gain or beta, is the ratio of the dc collector current to the dc base current. This simple bias circuit is similar to the self bias circuit with one difference: the base resistor is returned to the transistor collector instead of the supply voltage. If the transistor used had a high current gain, then the collector voltage would fall. As is connected to the collector then the base current would be reduced to counter the effect. If the transistor had a low value of beta, then the collector voltage would rise. This in turn provides more base current for the transistor to conduct harder and stabilize the q-point. H-TYPE BIASING is the most widely used biasing scheme in general electronics. For a single stage amplifier this circuit offers the best resilience against changes in temperature and device characteristics. The disadvantage is that a couple of extra resistors are required, but this is outweighed by the advantage of excellent stability. The circuits below: The quiescent points are usually fixed for varying collector currents in H-type biasing. If increases, then this will result in an increase in . This increase in the emitter current will flow through the emitter resistor and from the equation V=IR, the voltage across the resistor will increase. This increase in voltage across the emitter resistor will reduce the effective base-emitter voltage resulting in an increase in the stability of the collector current. Also, this type of biasing introduces a potential divider situation, where resistors R1 and R2 fix the base potential of the transistor. With H-type bias, maximum symmetrical sw ing can be calculated. Design OBJECTIVES Various specifications for the design of the BJT Amplifier were given by the rubric. The specifications given are listed in the following; The Voltage Gain must be 50 The Lower Cut-off Frequency must be below 100Hz The BJT Amplifier must be capable of driving a 100KÃŽÂ © load A 15V supply voltage must be used as the source The output voltage must have maximum symmetrical swing A 2N3904 Transistor must be used CHOOSING CONFIGURATION The following transistor configuration comparison chart shows the different types of configurations; Common Emitter Common Base Common Collector (Sedra Smith, 2007) AMPLIFIER TYPE    COMMON BASE      COMMON EMITTER      COMMON EMITTER (Emitter Resistor)      COMMON COLLECTOR (Emitter Follower)   Ã‚  Ã‚   INPUT/OUTPUT PHASE RELATIONSHIP 0 ° 180 ° 180 ° 0 ° VOLTAGE GAIN HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW CURRENT GAIN LOW  Ã‚ ¡ MEDIUM MEDIUM  Ã‚ ¢ HIGH POWER GAIN LOW HIGH HIGH MEDIUM INPUT RESISTANCE LOW MEDIUM MEDIUM HIGH OUTPUT RESISTANCE HIGH MEDIUM MEDIUM LOW The common emitter transistor amplifier configuration was chosen and not the common base configuration as the common base configuration produces a voltage gain but generates no current gain between the input and the output signals. (Doug Gingrich, 1999) The following figure shows the general configuration of the common emitter transistor amplifier configuration; Figure 1: General configuration of the common emitter transistor amplifier configuration Methodology DC Analysis The function of the DC Analysis is to allow DC biasing of the design to be verified. The DC biasing does not involve capacitors as DC is not transmitted by capacitors. The DC design is mainly used to establish the Q-points in the circuit. Q-points are the operating points in the circuit for which the transistor will perform at optimum performance. The circuit used for the DC Analysis is shown in the following diagram; Figure 2: Circuit used for DC Analysis Choosing and Before DC Analysis could be done, the various components which will be used in the circuit need to be calculated. These components are; , , , . From the specifications given, the voltage supply has a value of 15V and this is used to power the circuit. Before the values of these components could be calculated, the quiescent currents must be known, as well as the current flowing through the potential divider resistor . The data sheet used is based on the 2N3904 transistor. A range for the collector current is given, within which the transistor will operate with optimum performance. Using the Base Emitter ON Voltage vs Collector Current graph found on the data sheet, a value of was read off. The graph used is shown in the following diagram; Figure 3: Graph used to find a collector current The transistor will be built in an environment where the temperature is approximately 25. Hence the 25 line on the graph was used a reference line. From the data sheet, the Base Emitter ON Voltage was given as 0.65V. Hence, using the 25 line and reading off a voltage of 0.65V, the collector current was found to be 1. The base voltage , of the transistor depends on the current flowing through the potential divider. i.e. the current sets the base of the transistor and hence the value of . Any change in the resistance or gain of the transistor would result in an unwanted change in the base current . Also, the potential divider resistors contribute to the input impedance of the amplifier. This input impedance needs to be much more than the output impedance of the function generator. Hence, this is another reason to keep small. was chosen as Calculating The emitter resistor voltage , must be chosen accordingly as this voltage will affect the stability, maximum symmetrical swing and the gain of the amplifier. This voltage should be chosen such that it is greater than the base emitter voltage of the transistor. As mentioned before, the base emitter voltage as taken from the data sheet is 0.65V. This is to ensure that the emitter resistor voltage will not be significantly affected by small changes in . This condition would increase the stability of the transistor. For maximum symmetrical voltage swing, the emitter resistor voltage should be as small as possible. The base current and the collector current will both flow out of the common emitter terminal. Hence, for to remain constant, the base current must be as small as possible to allow negligible current to flow through the base terminal. Assuming the variation possible across the emitter and collector resistors caused variations in is , is calculated using the following equation; (1) The emitter resistor was calculated using the following equation; (2) Calculating From previous statements, For maximum symmetrical swing, half of the remaining voltage should be dropped across the collector resistor . The maximum symmetrical output voltage is calculated using the following equation; (3) Therefore, the voltage across the collector emitter terminal and the collector resistor is 6.75V. From the data sheet, the maximum device dissipation for the NPN 2N3904 transistor is at 25. Since all the power dissipation occurs at the collector junction for the active region, the following equation must be satisfied; (4) This is the range for which the transistor will operate with optimum performance. The power dissipated in the transistor from equation (4) is; , which is well within the specified range. A value for the component was found using the following equation; (5) Calculating and The current flows through the resistor . The value of is calculated using the following equation; (6) Since the current approaches a junction, it splits into and . flows through the potential divider resistor and flows to the base terminal. As previously stated, the base current, must not affect the base voltage by much. Hence the base current is considered negligible and all the current from is assumed to flow through . Hence, is calculated using the following equation; (7) Since some of the component values calculated was not available in stores, the closest value had to be chosen. The standard value that was chosen for each component is shown in the following table; Resistor Calculated Value/ Standard Value/ 6.75 6.8 1.5 1.5 128.5 130 21.5 24 Table 1: Standard values chosen for resistors Calculation of Input Impedance of transistor From the design specifications listed above, the lower cut off frequency must be below 100Hz. Also, as a value for was found using a graph of Current Gain vs Collector Current from the data sheet, a value for was found. The graph used is shown in the following diagram; For a collector current of 1, a gain of 130 was read off from the graph. But since this gain is above the required voltage gain of 50, certain calculations had to be done to reduce this gain and these calculations will be shown in due course. The following equation is used to calculate the input impedance of the transistor; (8) Calculation of Voltage Gain in the Circuit The following equation was used to calculate the voltage gain of the circuit; (9) Calculation of The required voltage gain of the transistor is 50. Hence, in order to reduce this gain, resistors are usually bypassed with the aid of capacitors. In this particular case, the only resistor that needs to be bypassed is the emitter resistor. Using the AC equivalent circuit, the following equation will be used to calculate the value of the unbypassed resistor; (10) where is the unbypassed emitter resistor is From the specification sheet given, is Calculation of new emitter resistor But Hence, if is split into two resistors and , then is found from the following; (11) As there are no standard 1.4kà °Ã‚ Ã…“ ´ resistor is the stores, was used as 1.5kà °Ã‚ Ã…“ ´. The following table illustrates the standard emitter resistors; Resistor Calculated Value/ Standard Value/ 100 100 1400 1500 Table 2: Standard values chosen for emitter resistors CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS Figure 4: Diagram showing circuit analyzed The following circuit calculations involve the standard component values and is based on the circuit in the above diagram.. These circuit calculations show the theoretical value of the quiescent currents and voltages. Theoretical values occur due to the circuit being under ideal conditions. The voltage gain of this circuit will be calculated as well as the maximum symmetrical output voltage across the transistor. The calculations are as follows; which flows through the collector resistor Using the potential divider rule; The voltage drop across is the same as, as both resistors are in parallel. was found on the data sheet as specified previously as . Under ideal conditions, it is assumed that is negligible when compared with as stated previously. for small changes in where is 130 since negligible current flows into the base terminal AC ANALYSIS The AC Analysis is used to calculate the components which would not have worked under DC biasing. These components are , and . If placed in the DC circuit, the capacitors would act as an open circuit, not allowing any current to flow. Also, the input and output impedance of the circuit was calculated. Circuits Used The following circuit was used in the AC Analysis; Figure 5: Circuit used for AC Analysis The following figure illustrates the AC equivalent of the above circuit; Zout Zin Figure 6: Ac equivalent of circuit shown in figure 5 Calculation of Capacitors The capacitor values can now be calculated using the following equation; (12) where is the reactance of the circuit f is the frequency C is the capacitance The capacitors behavior is defined in terms of reactance. The reactance of a capacitor is the ratio of the voltage to the current. The equation relating the reactance to the capacitance is given in equation (12). is the total input impedance of the capacitor (13) where is the input impedance , as the input is taken from the ground to the output terminals of the function generator. (14) Using equation 12; But from the specification sheet, f must be less than 100Hz. f 100 (15) Calculation of For the input coupling capacitor ; Calculation of For the output coupling capacitor ; Where is and Calculation of For the bypass capacitor ; where (16) But As stores does not have these calculated capacitor values, the following standard capacitors were used; Capacitor Calculated Value/ Standard Value/ 0.175 10 0.234 10 14.985 100 Table 3: Standard values chosen for capacitors CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS The following circuit calculations involve the standard component values and are based on the circuit shown in figure 3. These circuit calculations show the theoretical value of the quiescent currents and voltages. Theoretical values occur due to the circuit being under ideal conditions. The voltage gain of this circuit will be calculated as well as the maximum symmetrical output voltage across the transistor. The calculations are as follows; which flows through the collector resistor Using the potential divider rule; (17) The voltage drop across is the same as, as both resistors are in parallel. was found on the data sheet as specified previously as . (18) (19) Under ideal conditions, it is assumed that is negligible when compared with as stated previously. (20) for small changes in (21) where is 130 (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) since negligible current flows into the base terminal Figure 6 was used as a reference point to calculate the voltage gain and input impedance of the circuit. Equation (10) was used to calculate the voltage gain of the circuit; The maximum output voltage swing without clipping is calculated as using the following equation; (33) The following equation is used to calculate the input impedance of the circuit; (34) For simplification in calculation, (35) (36) COMPUTER SIMULATION DC Analysis This design was tested theoretically in the previous section and must now be tested on a computer simulation program. The simulation program used to simulate this circuit is Multisim 7. This software creates the circuit design and simulates the circuit practically and not theoretically. All quiescent voltages and currents were determined as well as the cut-off frequency, voltage gain and maximum symmetrical output voltage. The graph analyzer tool on the Multisim program was used to display these graphs. The following figure illustrates the simulation done for the DC Analysis; Voltage Gain The following circuit was used to observe the voltage gain of the BJT Amplifier; Figure 7: Showing circuit used for DC AnalysisThe voltage gain of the simulated circuit is the ratio of the maximum output voltage to the maximum input voltage. The voltage gain of the circuit is given by the equation; The following figure shows the settings used on the oscilloscope to obtain an input and output waveform; The maximum output and input signals was read off from the graph above using the Interpolator Line. Using the above equation, the voltage gain of the circuit was determined as follows; The following figure illustrates the bode plot obtained from the simulation; This graph was used to find the gain of the circuit using the following equation; From the above equation, the gain, in decibels is related to the above equation. Using the Interpolator Line, the gain, was determined to be 34.34. Hence the voltage gain was calculated as follows; The above calculation indicates that the design circuit would produce a satisfactory gain of approximately 50. Therefore the graph in figure 10 confirms that the design would produce a voltage gain of approximately 50. Cut-off Frequency The following bode plot was used to determine the lower cut-off frequency; The figure above was used to determine the lower-cut off frequency of the circuit. The lower-cut off frequency is the frequency at which the gain of the circuit decreases by 3 decibels. The Interpolator Line was placed at a gain of 30.861decibels, as this is the gain which corresponds to the lower-cut off frequency. The lower-cut off frequency was determined to be approximately . This lower cut-off frequency is much less than 100Hz and thus it meets the required specification. The following bode plot was used to determine the upper cut-off frequency; The figure above was used to determine the upper -cut off frequency of the circuit. The Interpolator Line was placed at a gain of 30.816 decibels, as this is the gain which corresponds to the upper-cut off frequency. The upper-cut off frequency was determined to be approximately . Lab Results The final test done on the designed circuit was done in the year 1 laboratory. The actual resistances and capacitances of the standard components used were measured using the LCR meter. The following table illustrates the measured resistances; Resistor Standard Resistance/ Measured Resistance/ Tolerance/% Lower Tolerance/ Upper Tolerance/ 6.8 6.7638 5 6.46 7.14 1.5 1.503 5 1.425 1.575 100 99.81 5 95 105 130 129.95 5 123.5 136.5 24 23.529 5 22.8 25.2 100 kÃŽÂ © 99.233 5 95 105 TABLE 6: Measured resistances AND THEIR TOLERANCE RANGE The following table illustrates the measured capacitances; Capacitor Standard Value/ Measured Value/ TABLE 8: Showing Measured capacitances used in the laboratory The BJT Amplifier was then built on the solder less breadboard. The DC LQD-421 dual power supply and the function generator were used to supply the input voltages. The following diagram shows the circuit built; As seen above, the capacitors were connected across their respective resistors and the Feedback FG 601 function generator was connected to the input capacitor. Before measuring the quiescent points of the circuit, tests had to be done to ensure that the required gain of 50 was achieved. This was done by connecting a Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope to the AC bias circuit. The channel 1 lead was connected to the input signal via the input capacitor and the channel 2 lead was connected across the output signal via the load. The settings on the Feedback FG 601 function generator were set to produce a 1kHz sine wave with an amplitude of . The channels on the Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope were grounded and the signals centered. The DC LQD-421 dual power supply was turned on and set to 15V and the Feedback FG 601 function generator and the Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope also turned on. The channels were switched to AC and the input and output sine waves appeared on the screen. To obtain a clear waveform on the screen, the following settings were used on the Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope; The Volts/Div setting was set at The channel 1 setting was set at The channel 2 setting was set at The two waveforms were then used to determine the voltage gain of the BJT Amplifier. Using the following equation; The upper and lower cut-off frequencies were found for the BJT Amplifier. This was done by varying the frequency on the Feedback FG 601 function generator and plotting a graph of Gain vs Frequency. The range used for the Feedback FG 601 function generator was; 10Hz 100Hz for lower cut-off frequency The following table illustrates the frequency and gain for lower cut-off frequency; Frequency/Hz Input/mV Output/V Gain 10 0.01 5 50 20 0.01 5 50 30 0.01 5 50 40 0.01 5 50 50 0.01 5 50 60 0.01 5 50 70 0.01 4.8 48 80 0.01 4.6 46 90 0.01 4.2 42 100 0.01 2.6 26 Table4: showing frequencies used to get varying gain The lower cut-off gain was calculated from the equation; The original setting on the Feedback FG 601 function generator was set so that the maximum symmetrical swing of the BJT Amplifier could be determined using the Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope. This was done by increasing the frequency of the Feedback FG 601 function generator until clipping of the output waveform was seen. It was noted that the BJT Amplifier did not have maximum symmetrical swing as the negative peak of the waveform started clipping after the positive peak waveform. Hence, the positive swing and negative swing was calculated as shown in the following; Positive swing; Negative swing; The maximum voltage swing was found to be; The original setting on the Feedback FG 601 function generator was set as the effect of removing the bypass capacitor was explored. The equipment was first turned off for safety purposes and the bypass capacitor removed. The equipments was then turned on and the settings on the Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope configured to obtain a measurable waveform. The gain was then calculated using equation (>>>>). Hence, it can be stated that the gain of the BJT Amplifier decreased considerably when the bypass capacitor was removed. The maximum symmetrical swing for the amplifier was then tested. This was done as follows; The frequency of the Feedback FG 601 function generator was increased until clipping occurred. It was seen that maximum symmetrical swing was not observed as the negative peak of the waveform started clipping before the positive waveform. Hence the swing was calculated for both the positive waveform and the negative waveform. The calculations are as follows; Positive swing; Negative swing; The maximum voltage swing was found to be; The Tektronix 2205 dual trace oscilloscope was disconnected from the circuit and the Fluke 177 Multi-meter was used to measure the quiescent points of the circuit. The probes were placed across the different points and their readings were recorded. The Fluke 177 Multi-meter was set at when measuring currents and at DC voltage when measuring voltages. The DC voltage setting was used as the AC would not yield measurable readings. To measure the quiescent currents, wires were stripped and attached to the leads of the probes. The circuit had to be broken at the quiescent current point being measured. Then the wire attached to the probe was inserted into the solder less breadboard so that the wire was in series with the component removed. The removed component was placed where it was originally to ensure continuity in the circuit. This was repeated at all quiescent points. The following table illustrates the measured currents; The following table illustrates the measured currents; Current Value/ TABLE 5: AC ANALYSIS OF CIRCUIT The following table illustrates the measured voltages; Voltage Value/ 0.676 TABLE 4: AC ANALYSIS Quiescent Values Currents I / mA Voltages V / V Calculated Simulated Measured Current I / mA Voltage V/V Current I / mA Voltage V/V Current I / mA Voltage V/V 0.65 0.663 0.676 DISCUSSION The BJT Amplifier was built using the common emitter configuration. It was H-type biased to increase the stability in the transistor. Also, as is affected with temperature a change, the H-type biasing configuration ensures that changes in is minimal. Also, the resistors used were made from carbon. This means that the resistors are not required to have high temperature stability. Without a biasing arrangement, the BJT amplifier will not turn on because it will not be in the operating region according to the specifications (Boylestad, Nashelsky, 1987). The differences in values for quiescent points obtained can be explained because the calculated and simulated values were found under ideal conditions. The component values used varied from the standard values

Billy Sunday Essay -- Essays Papers

Billy Sunday For almost a quarter century Billy Sunday was a household name in the United States. Between 1902 when he first made the pages of the New York Times and 1935 when the paper covered his death and memorial service in detail, people who knew anything about current events had heard of the former major league baseball player who was preaching sin and salvation to large crowds all over America. Not everyone who knew of the famous evangelist liked him. Plenty of outspoken critics spoke of his flashy style and criticized his conservative doctrines. But he had hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, of loyal defenders, and they were just as loud in their praise as the critics were in their criticism. Whether people stood for or against the Reverend William A. Sunday, they all agreed that it was difficult to be indifferent toward him. The religious leader was so extraordinarily popular, opinionated, and vocal that indifference was the last thing that he would get from people. His most loyal admirers were confident that this rural-breed preacher was God’s mouthpiece, calling Americans to repentance. Sunday’s critics said that at best he was a well-meaning buffoon whose sermons vulgarized and trivialized the Christian message and at worst he was a disgrace to the name of Christ (Dorsett 2). There are elements of truth in both of these views. He was often guilty of oversimplifying biblical truths, and at times he spoke more out of ignorance than a heavenly viewpoint. He was also a man with numerous flaws. He spoiled his children, giving them everything that they asked for. He put enormous responsibility on his wife, burdening her with many aspects of his ministry. He always noticeably sought the applause of the crowd for his own praise. He often confused the will of God with his own social and political agenda. He even sometimes compared the gospel of Jesus Christ with special interest and American foreign policy. Nevertheless, Billy Sunday was a sincere man whose life was fundamentally changed by his response to an evangelist’s call to repent of his sins, to believe that Jesus Christ died in his place for those sins, and to follow Christ in thanksgiving by worshiping and obeying him. Following this spiritual rebirth, the convert became deeply devoted to Jesus Christ. A devotion manifested in living out many of ... ...ee baseball seasons stood up at the street preacher’s invitation and abruptly announced to his teammates on the curb, â€Å"Boys I bid the old life good-bye.† Billy considered going down during the invitation but did not. After several days of agonizing over this Billy went back to the mission and decided, â€Å"With Christ you are saved, without him you are lost† (Sunday â€Å"Satan† 4). He â€Å"committed† his life that night to a cause that he saw was more important than any baseball game ever played. Despite becoming largely famous after being traded to Philadelphia, it would be the results of that decision at the Pacific Garden Mission that the world would remember Billy Sunday for. Some applauded Sunday and his methods; others did not. But there is no question that Sunday’s sensational career was a phenomenon Americans would not soon forget. Works Cited Dorsett, Lyle W. Billy Sunday and the Redemption of Urban America. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans Pub, 1991. Ellis, William T. Billy Sunday: The Man and His Message. n.p., 1914. Sunday, Billy. Billy Sunday’s Sermons. Omaha: Omaha Daily News, 1915. Sunday, Billy. Face to Face With Satan. Knoxville: Prudential Pub, 1923.